きょうは、平成31年度全国学力調査の英語の問題をみてみましょう。ちなみに、この全国学力調査というのは、毎年文科省で行っている学力テストですな。今年度の中学3年生で実施された科目は、国語・数学・英語でしたので、ま、わたしが選んだこの問題、学生の諸君、解けますかな？
Chimpanzees are one of the smartest animals. They can do a lot of things. How smart are they? A team at a university in Japan found the answer. Some chimpanzees may be as smart as four-year-old children in some ways.
Few animals can understand janken. In janken, none is the strongest among rock, scissors, and paper. Learning about the relation among the three is very difficult.
The team tried teaching janken to seven chimpanzees. They showed pictures of two different janken hands to the chimpanzees. The chimpanzees got food when they pointed to the stronger one. Finally, five of the chimpanzees learned janken.
The team also tried teaching janken to some human children. They found that children could learn janken when they were about four years old. Through this study, they got the answer to the question: “How smart are chimpanzees?”
出典：国立教育政策研究所サイトより
これは学習指導要領で教育目標にあげられている「物語のあらすじや説明文の大切な部分などを正確に読み取る」力をはかる設問です。さあ、解答はどれでしょうかな？
1 Some chimpanzees may be as smart as four-year-old children.
2 Few animals can understand janken.
3 The team showed pictures of two different janken hands to the chimpanzees.
4 The team found that children could learn janken when they were about four years old.
Chimpanzees learn rock-paper-scissors
Chimps’ ability to learn circular relationships is on par with of 4-year-olds
Chimpanzees of all ages and all sexes can learn the simple circular relationship between the three different hand signals used in the well-known game rock-paper-scissors. Even though it might take them longer, they are indeed able to learn the game as well as a young child. A team of researchers including Tetsuro Matsuzawa of Kyoto University and Jie Gao of Kyoto University and Peking University published a study in Springer’s journal Primates which compares the ability of chimpanzees and children to learn the game.
The research team wanted to find out whether chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)can grasp extended patterns. They used the rock-paper-scissors game, a popular children’s game in which the hand signal for “paper” always beats “rock”, while “rock” trumps “scissors”, and “scissors” defeats “paper”. The relationship between the signals are non-linear and must be understood within the context of how the pairs are grouped. Learning such transverse patterns requires enhanced mental capacity. Being able to do so is useful when forming complex relationship networks, solving problems, or updating what you already know about a subject.
Seven chimpanzees of different ages and sexes living in the Primate Research Institute at Kyoto University were part of the experiment. They sat in a booth housing a computer-based touch screen and were trained to choose the stronger of two options (based on the rules of the game) they saw on screen. They first learnt the paper-rock sequence, then the rock-scissors one and finally scissors-paper. Once they knew how the pairs fitted together, all the different pairs were randomly presented to them on screen. Five of the seven chimpanzees completed the training after an average of 307 sessions.
The findings show that chimpanzees can learn the circular pattern at the heart of the game. Although, it took them significantly longer to learn the third scissors-paper pair than it did to grasp the others, which indicates that they had difficulty in finalizing the circular nature of the pattern.
The research team then also taught 38 preschool children the game to compare the learning process of chimpanzees with that of humans aged three to six. The children had little difficulty grasping the game, and on average did so within five sessions. Their performance was, however, subject to age. The older the children were, the more accurate they became when all three pairs were randomly presented to them. Participants older than 50 months (about 4 years) played the game with more skill rather than luck.
“This suggests that children acquire the ability to learn a circular relationship and to solve a transverse patterning problem around the age of four years,” says Gao. “The chimpanzees’ performance during the mixed-pair sessions was similar to that of 4-year-old children,” adds Gao, who hopes the findings will inspire future studies into how age and sex influence the ability of members of various species to learn circular relationships.
松沢教授率いるチームが行った「じゃんけん」の研究は、おととしニュースでも取り上げられました。（日経新聞より）英語で読む前に、情報があると理解しやすいわね。